Dispose of it in a designated sharps container or follow local guidelines for medical waste disposal. Do not throw it in regular trash.

In a life-threatening emergency, use an expired auto-injector if no other option is available. However, effectiveness may be reduced, so it’s important to replace expired devices.

• Keep at room temperature (68–77°F or 20–25°C).
• Avoid exposure to extreme heat or cold.
• Store in the original case to protect from light.

• Keep at room temperature (68–77°F or 20–25°C).
• Avoid exposure to extreme heat or cold.
• Store in the original case to protect from light.

Yes, there are paediatric versions with lower doses (e.g., 0.15 mg for children weighing 15–30 kg). Always use the dose prescribed by a healthcare professional.

Call emergency services immediately, even if symptoms improve. Anaphylaxis can return, and further medical care may be needed.

Yes, common brands include:

• EpiPen
• Auvi-Q
• Adrenaclick
• Generic versions

Each has slightly different designs, so it’s important to read and follow the specific instructions for your device.

1. Remove the device from its protective case.
2. Hold the auto-injector firmly in your hand with the tip facing down.
3. Remove the safety cap.
4. Place the tip against the outer thigh at a 90-degree angle (through clothing if necessary).
5. Press the injector firmly into the thigh until you hear a click and hold for 3–10 seconds, depending on the manufacturer’s instructions.
6. Remove the injector and massage the injection site for 10 seconds.

Individuals diagnosed with severe allergies (e.g., food, insect stings, medications) or those with a history of anaphylaxis should carry an auto-injector at all times.

Epinephrine quickly:

• Relaxes muscles in the airways, improving breathing.
• Constricts blood vessels to increase blood pressure.
• Reduces swelling and hives.

Use an epinephrine auto-injector at the first signs of a severe allergic reaction, including:

• Difficulty breathing or wheezing.
• Swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat.
• Severe hives or rashes.
• Rapid heartbeat, dizziness, or fainting.
• Gastrointestinal symptoms like vomiting or diarrhoea in conjunction with other symptoms.

An auto-injector epinephrine device is a pre-filled, single-use device designed to quickly deliver a specific dose of epinephrine (adrenaline) to treat severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis). It is easy to use and can be administered in emergency situations.

Contact Allergy Central . https://www.allergycentral.in/. Contact : Call +91 90352 75945

Most are safe, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or respiratory issues with heavily scented or chemical-based products. Choose unscented or hypoallergenic options if you have sensitivities.

Yes, sprays and vacuums with HEPA filters are effective in removing dander from these surfaces. Regular cleaning is essential for maintaining a low allergen environment.

They can help reduce allergen levels but may not be sufficient for severe allergies. Consult an allergist for comprehensive management, which may include allergen immunotherapy.

Prices vary based on the type:

• Sprays and wipes: 
• Shampoos: 

Yes, they work well alongside:

• Antihistamines or nasal sprays.
• Dust mite-proof covers.
• Regular home cleaning.

Products like shampoos and wipes are typically formulated for cats and dogs. If you have exotic pets (e.g., birds or rabbits), consult a veterinarian before using dander-removal products.

• Regular grooming and brushing of pets.
• Washing pet bedding and toys frequently.
• Using damp cloths or microfiber dusters to clean surfaces.
• Maintaining low indoor humidity levels (below 50%).

Yes, by reducing allergens in the environment, these products may lower asthma triggers and improve indoor air quality.

• Sprays and wipes: As needed, usually weekly or after heavy shedding.
• Shampoos: Depending on the pet, every 2–4 weeks.

No, but they significantly reduce allergen levels, which can help minimize allergic reactions when used alongside other measures like frequent cleaning and allergy medications.

Most products are designed to be safe for pets and humans when used as directed. Always choose products labelled as non-toxic and free of harsh chemicals.

1. Sprays: For furniture, bedding, and carpets (e.g., allergen-reducing sprays).
2. Wipes: Used on pets to reduce dander release.
3. Shampoos: Allergen-reducing formulas for regular pet bathing.

• Sprays and Wipes: Neutralize allergens on surfaces or pet fur.
• Shampoos: Remove allergens and reduce shedding when used on pets.

• Allergic Reactions: Pet dander is a common allergen, causing symptoms like sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes, and asthma flare-ups.
• Persistent Allergen: Dander is lightweight and sticky, easily adhering to furniture, clothing, and carpets. It can remain airborne for long periods.

A pet dander remover is a product or device designed to reduce or eliminate pet dander from surfaces, air, or pets themselves. It may come in the form of sprays, wipes, shampoos, or air purifiers.

Pet dander consists of tiny skin flakes shed by animals, often accompanied by proteins found in saliva, urine, or fur. These particles are common allergens and can cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

Contact Allergy Central. https://www.allergycentral.in/. Call +91 90352 75945

Yes, hypoallergenic covers are designed to be gentle on sensitive skin. 

• Regular washing of bedding at high temperatures.
• Using synthetic or hypoallergenic bedding materials.
• Vacuuming mattresses and carpets with a HEPA vacuum.
• Dehumidifiers to maintain humidity below 50%, making the environment less hospitable for dust mites.

No, but they significantly reduce exposure to allergens. For best results, use the covers alongside other dust mite control measures, such as frequent cleaning, vacuuming with HEPA filters, and maintaining low indoor humidity.

With proper care, high-quality covers can last 5 to 8 years or more.

Yes, regular washing of bed sheets, pillowcases, and blankets in hot water is essential to remove dust mites and allergens that settle on the surface.

Cost will very based on the quality of the product, call Allergy Central at 9035275945 to understand pricing of different products.

High-quality covers are designed to be breathable and comfortable. Look for soft, noiseless materials to ensure a restful sleep.

Yes, dust mite-proof covers are safe for children and can help manage allergies, asthma, and eczema effectively.

Yes, it’s recommended to encase:

• Mattress: Largest surface where dust mites thrive.
• Pillows: Direct contact with your face and nose.
• Duvets/Comforters: To reduce allergen exposure during sleep.

• Washing: Wash covers every 1–2 months in hot water (at least 130°F or 55°C) to kill dust mites.
• Drying: Machine dry on a low or medium setting.

Avoid harsh detergents: Use mild, hypoallergenic detergents to preserve the fabric.

Yes, studies show that these covers can significantly reduce allergen exposure when used as part of an integrated allergy management plan, including regular cleaning and dust control.

• Pore size: Smaller than 6 microns for effective allergen blocking.
• Breathability: To ensure comfort while sleeping.
• Durability: High-quality materials and strong zippers to withstand frequent washing.
• Noise level: Soft materials that don’t crinkle or make noise.

• Woven fabrics: Tightly woven cotton or microfiber with small pore sizes (less than 6 microns).
• Non-woven fabrics: Made from synthetic materials like polypropylene.
• Polyurethane coatings: Waterproof and allergen-proof while remaining breathable.

These covers are made from tightly woven fabrics or synthetic materials with microscopic pores that block dust mites and allergens while allowing air and moisture to pass through.

• Reduce Allergy Symptoms: Dust mites are a common trigger for allergic rhinitis, asthma, and eczema. Covers help minimize exposure to these allergens.
• Improve Sleep Quality: For individuals with dust mite allergies, these covers can reduce nighttime symptoms like sneezing, congestion, and coughing.

Dust mite-proof covers are specially designed encasements for mattresses, pillows, and duvets. These covers create a barrier that prevents dust mites and their allergens (faeces and body fragments) from penetrating bedding surfaces, reducing allergen exposure.

1. Consult an allergist or immunologist.
2. Undergo allergy testing to identify specific triggers.
3. Discuss treatment options and suitability for AIT.

AIT is not recommended for individuals with:

• Uncontrolled asthma.
• Autoimmune disorders.
• Severe cardiovascular conditions.
• Pregnant patients (AIT can be continued if started before pregnancy but is not initiated during pregnancy).

Improved symptoms, reduced medication use, and better quality of life are signs of successful AIT. Regular follow-ups and testing help track progress.

Stopping AIT before completing the recommended course may result in the return of allergic symptoms, as the immune system may not have built sufficient tolerance.

however there is not side effects of stopping Allergen Immunotherapy abruptly. 

• Avoidance of allergens.
• Symptomatic treatment with antihistamines, nasal corticosteroids, or leukotriene inhibitors.

Coverage varies depending on your location, insurance provider, and the specific treatment. Check with your insurer for details.

• AIT addresses the underlying immune response, providing long-term relief.
• Most other treatments, like antihistamines or corticosteroids, manage symptoms without addressing the cause.

Yes, you can continue using medications like antihistamines or nasal sprays during the early stages of AIT. These may be reduced as symptoms improve.

Patients are monitored for side effects during SCIT, typically for 30 minutes after each injection. Regular follow-ups are required to assess progress and adjust dosages if needed.

AIT does not "cure" allergies but can significantly reduce symptoms and improve quality of life. Many patients experience long lasting benefits even after completing treatment.

Yes, AIT is safe and effective for children. It can help reduce allergy symptoms and potentially prevent the development of asthma.

Yes, AIT is highly effective in reducing symptoms for many allergies, especially for pollen, dust mites, and venom. Its effectiveness depends on adherence to the treatment plan and the allergens targeted.

• Sub Lingual Immunotherapy: Mild itching or tingling under the tongue. Severe reactions are rare.
  AIT is generally safe when administered under proper medical supervision.
• Sub Cutaneous Immunotherapy: is generally safe however there is a possibility of localised to systemic allergic reactions, it is important that SCIT is always taken under medical supervision.al

• Individuals with severe or persistent allergies respond well to allergen immunotherapy.
• Those who prefer a long-term solution rather than symptomatic relief.
• Patients with allergies confirmed by skin or blood tests.

• Symptom improvement is often noticeable within 2–6 months of treatment.
• Full benefits are usually seen after 1–2 years.

• SLIT (Tablets/Drops): Taken daily at home under the guidance of a doctor, typically for 3–5 years.

AIT gradually increases exposure to an allergen to retrain the immune system. Over time, this can:

• Reduce allergic reactions and its symptoms.
• Decrease the need for medication.
• Prevent new allergies or the progression of allergic rhinitis to asthma.
• Benefit of Allergen Immunotherapy persists for years to decades even after stopping allergen immunotherapy

• Allergic Rhinitis (e.g., hay fever caused by pollen, dust mites, or pet dander).
• Allergic Asthma.
• Insect Sting Allergies (e.g., bee or wasp venom).

1. Subcutaneous Immunotherapy (SCIT): Allergy shots administered under the skin, usually in a healthcare setting.
2. Sublingual Immunotherapy (SLIT): Allergy tablets or drops placed under the tongue, often self-administered at home.

Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is a treatment that aims to reduce allergic symptoms by gradually exposing the immune system to small, controlled doses of specific allergens. This process helps the body build tolerance, reducing sensitivity over time.

• It provides limited information on lung volumes compared to spirometry.
• Results can be influenced by factors like airway closure or improper technique.

Yes, FOT is widely used in clinical and research settings to study lung mechanics, airway diseases, and responses to therapies.

Yes, FOT can track changes in lung mechanics over time, helping to assess the effectiveness of treatments such as bronchodilators or anti-inflammatory medications.

• Increased Resistance (R): Suggests airway obstruction or narrowing.
• Abnormal Reactance (X): May indicate reduced lung elasticity or changes in lung tissue properties.
  Results are interpreted alongside clinical findings and other tests.

Yes, FOT is particularly beneficial for children as it does not require forceful breathing manoeuvres, making it easier for younger patients to participate.

Yes, FOT is safe, painless, and non-invasive. There are no significant risks associated with the test.

FOT typically takes 5 minutes for pre-test and after wards bronchodilators are given and patient is made to wait for 15 min and later post-test is conducted which will take another 5 min, so totally FOT procedure takes about 20 to 30 min to complete.

• Avoid heavy meals before the test.
• Refrain from smoking or intense physical activity for several hours before the procedure.
• Avoid bronchodilators or other medications if instructed by your doctor.

• FOT: Passive measurement during tidal (normal) breathing, focusing on lung mechanics.
• Spirometry: Requires active manoeuvres like forced inhalation and exhalation, measuring airflow and lung volumes.
• FOT is easier and gives more detailed information about the lung physiology and mechanics.

• Asthma
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
• Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
• Small airway diseases
• Interstitial lung diseases
• Upper airway obstructions

• Non-invasive and easy to perform: Requires minimal patient effort.
• Quick: Typically takes a few minutes.
• Sensitive to small airway changes: Can detect early airway dysfunction.
• Suitable for patients unable to perform spirometry, such as young children, elderly individuals, or those with severe respiratory conditions.

1. The patient breathes through a mouthpiece connected to an FOT device.
2. The device generates small pressure oscillations at different frequencies, which are transmitted into the airways.
3. The response of the lungs to these oscillations is measured, including:
   • Resistance (R): Indicates airway narrowing or obstruction.
   • Reactance (X): Reflects the elastic and inertial properties of the lungs.

• To evaluate lung function in conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchial hyperresponsiveness, Restrictive lung disease.
• To understand the lung mechanics and pathophysiology
• To assess small airway function, which might not be detected in standard spirometry.
• To monitor lung diseases and evaluate treatment efficacy.
• To provide a lung function assessment for patients unable to perform traditional spirometry, such as children or elderly individuals.

The Forced Oscillation Technique is a non-invasive method used to measure the mechanical properties of the lungs and airways, such as resistance and reactance, during normal breathing. It involves applying oscillatory pressure waves to the airway through a mouthpiece while the patient breathes at rest.

• Results help determine the severity of lung disease and guide treatment plans, including medication, oxygen therapy, or lifestyle changes.
• They also monitor disease progression and treatment efficacy over time.

PFTs are generally safe, but patients with severe breathing difficulties or cardiovascular conditions should inform their doctor before the test to determine if special precautions are needed.

This is a part of some PFTs where a bronchodilator medication is administered to observe whether lung function improves, which can help diagnose asthma or other reversible airway conditions.

• For chronic conditions like asthma or COPD: As recommended by your doctor (often annually).
• After starting or changing treatment: To evaluate effectiveness.
• For occupational monitoring: As per workplace guidelines.

Yes, factors such as smoking, recent illness, incorrect technique during the test, or certain medications can affect results.

• Normal Results: Indicate healthy lung function.
• Abnormal Results: May indicate obstructive (e.g., asthma, COPD) or restrictive (e.g., pulmonary fibrosis) lung diseases.
• The results are interpreted by comparing the patient’s values to predicted normal values based on age, sex, height, and ethnicity.

Yes, PFTs can be performed in children, typically over the age of 5, if they can follow instructions for the test.

• Asthma
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
• Pulmonary fibrosis
• Restrictive lung diseases
• Sarcoidosis
• Emphysema

• PFTs are generally safe and well-tolerated.
• Rarely, patients may experience dizziness, shortness of breath, or light-headedness.
• People with recent heart conditions or surgeries should consult their doctor before undergoing the test.

• Avoid heavy meals before the test.
• Do not smoke for at least 4–6 hours before the test.
• Stop taking certain medications like Inhalers, Nebulization, Cough syrups containing Bronchodilators etc as instructed by your doctor, which may affect lung function.
• Wear loose, comfortable clothing for ease of breathing.

A standard PFT usually takes 30–60 minutes, depending on the number and type of tests performed.

1. The patient breathes into a specialized device (spirometer) through a mouthpiece.
2. Depending on the test, the patient may perform various breathing manoeuvres, such as deep inhalation, forced exhalation, or holding their breath.
3. Some tests may require inhaling a bronchodilator to assess responsiveness to medication.

• Spirometry: Measures airflow and lung volume during inhalation and exhalation.
• Lung Volume Testing: Assesses the total capacity of the lungs.
• Diffusion Capacity Test (DLCO): Evaluates how well oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood.
• Peak Flow Measurement: Measures the maximum speed of exhalation.
• Arterial Blood Gas (ABG): Tests oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

• To diagnose lung diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or pulmonary fibrosis.
• To monitor lung function in chronic conditions.
• To evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or medications.
• As part of a pre-surgical evaluation.
• To assess lung function in occupational health screenings.

A Pulmonary Function Test is a group of non-invasive tests that measure how well your lungs are working. These tests assess lung volume, capacity, flow rates, and gas exchange to help diagnose and monitor respiratory conditions.

• Most patients can resume normal activities immediately.
• If a biopsy or minor procedure was performed, mild discomfort or bleeding may occur for a short time.
• Follow-up may be needed based on findings.

• Alternatives include imaging studies like CT or MRI for structural evaluation.
• However, these do not allow direct visualization or intervention like endoscopy.

Yes, in addition to diagnosis, nasal endoscopy can assist in:

• Removing small polyps or foreign bodies.
• Controlling nosebleeds.
• Collecting tissue samples for biopsy.

Yes, nasal endoscopy is generally safe during pregnancy as it involves no radiation or invasive procedures.

• Structural abnormalities: Deviated septum, nasal valve collapse.
• Inflammatory conditions: Sinusitis, allergic rhinitis.
• Growths: Polyps, tumors, or cysts.
• Infections: Fungal or bacterial infections.
• CSF leaks: Clear fluid draining from the nose.

• Nasal Endoscopy: Provides real-time visualization and allows for interventions like biopsies.
• CT scans/MRI: Offer detailed imaging of sinus structures but cannot perform real-time assessments or procedures.
  Both methods are often complementary in diagnosing nasal and sinus conditions.

Yes, nasal endoscopy can be safely performed in children, often for issues like adenoid hypertrophy or recurrent sinusitis.

• Usually, no specific preparation is needed.
• Inform the doctor if you are on blood thinners, have a bleeding disorder, or have known allergies to anaesthetics.

• Mild discomfort during the procedure.
• Temporary nosebleeds (rare).
• Allergic reaction to the anaesthetic or decongestant (very rare).

• Provides a clear and detailed view of nasal and sinus anatomy.
• Helps identify conditions that may not be visible with standard physical exams or imaging.
• Facilitates biopsies or removal of small growths if needed.

• Most patients experience mild discomfort or pressure rather than pain.
• Local anaesthesia can significantly reduce any unpleasant sensations.

1. Preparation:
   • A local anaesthetic or decongestant may be applied to minimize discomfort.
2. Procedure:
   • The endoscope is gently inserted into one nostril.
   • The doctor examines the nasal cavity, sinuses, and throat areas in real time.
3. Duration:
   • The procedure usually takes 5–10 minutes.

Nasal endoscopy is used to diagnose and manage conditions such as:

• Chronic sinusitis or recurrent sinus infections.
• Nasal polyps or tumors.
• Allergic rhinitis or structural abnormalities.
• Nasal obstructions or foreign bodies.
• Epistaxis (nose bleeds).
• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks.
• Sleep apnoea evaluation (in some cases).

Nasal endoscopy is a diagnostic procedure in which a thin, flexible tube with a camera and light (an endoscope) is inserted into the nose to examine the nasal passages, sinuses, and related structures.

• Elevated IgE levels are not specific to allergies and can be caused by various conditions.
• Normal levels do not exclude the possibility of allergies or hypersensitivity disorders.

• Immune Deficiencies: Conditions like agammaglobulinemia or other immune system disorders.
• Immunosuppressive Therapies: Medications that suppress antibody production.

No, the test is not diagnostic for allergies. It provides a general indication and must be supplemented with specific IgE tests or clinical evaluation.

• Further evaluation with specific IgE tests or other diagnostic tools may be recommended to pinpoint the cause.
• Management will depend on the underlying condition, such as allergy avoidance, medication, or treatment for infections.

Yes, the test is safe and commonly performed in children with suspected allergies or other conditions.

Results are typically available within 1–2 days, When conducted in Allergy Central.

The test involves a simple blood draw, with minimal discomfort at the puncture site.

No, fasting is not required. The test can be performed at any time.

• Total IgE Test: Measures overall IgE levels in the blood.
• Specific IgE Tests: Identify sensitization to individual allergens (e.g., pollen, dust mites, foods).

• Elevated Levels: Allergies, parasitic infections, atopic dermatitis, or immunological disorders.
• Lower Levels: Certain immune deficiencies or therapies (e.g., immunosuppressants).

• Normal ranges vary by age and laboratory standards. Generally:
  • Infants: <10–15 IU/mL
  • Children: <200 IU/mL
  • Adults: <100 IU/mL
  • Please note: in genera Indian population have higher total IgE levels, in one of the study it was found that Total IgE in a healthy Indian population was 500IU/mL

• A blood sample is drawn from a vein in the arm.
• The sample is analysed in a laboratory to measure IgE levels.

No, a normal Total IgE level does not rule out allergies. Specific IgE tests targeting individual allergens may still reveal sensitivities even with normal total levels.

• Allergic Conditions: Elevated IgE levels are often associated with allergies.
• Parasitic Infections: Higher levels may indicate a parasitic infestation.
• Atopic Diseases: Conditions like asthma, eczema, or hay fever.
• Immunological Disorders: Rare conditions like hyper-IgE syndrome.

• To differentiate few conditions from allergic vs non allergic eg: asthma.
• To help diagnose parasitic infections.
• To calculate the dose of Omalizumab in Asthma Management.
• As part of the diagnostic process for hyper-IgE syndrome or other rare immunological disorders.
• In Chronic Urticaria to differentiate the types of Chronic Urticaria

The Total IgE Test measures the overall level of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the blood. IgE is an antibody produced by the immune system in response to allergens, infections, or other triggers.

• Anaphylaxis: Immediate treatment with epinephrine, antihistamines, and corticosteroids.
• Mastocytosis: Medications to manage symptoms (e.g., antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers) or targeted therapies for systemic disease.
• MCAS: Avoidance of triggers and medications to control mast cell activation.

Yes, the test is safe and can be performed in children when clinically indicated.

Results are usually available in 3 to 4 days, when conducted in Allergy Central.

Yes, it is a simple blood test with discomfort at the blood draw site.

• Normal tryptase levels do not rule out mast cell activation or anaphylaxis.
• Elevated levels may have multiple causes and require further investigation.
• Test reports should be correlated with patient condition and then interpretated.

• No special preparation is needed.
• Inform the doctor about any medications or recent allergic reactions, as they may influence the results.

• Histamine Levels: For additional confirmation of mast cell activation.
• Allergy Tests: To identify specific triggers.
• Bone Marrow Biopsy: If systemic mastocytosis is suspected.
• Genetic Testing: For mutations in the KIT gene linked to mastocytosis.

• Acute Anaphylaxis: A rise in tryptase by 20% + 2 ng/mL above baseline supports the diagnosis.
• Chronic Conditions: Persistent levels above the normal range may indicate mastocytosis or other disorders.

• Anaphylaxis not mediated by mast cell degranulation (e.g., non-IgE-mediated reactions).
• Sample collection outside the ideal time window (e.g., too early or too late after the reaction).
• Individual variation in baseline tryptase levels.

• Acute Anaphylaxis: A temporary spike in tryptase levels.
• Systemic Mastocytosis: Chronically elevated levels due to increased mast cell numbers.
• MCAS (Mast Cell Activation Syndrome): Elevated levels during episodes of mast cell activation.
• Other Conditions: Rarely, elevated tryptase levels may occur in conditions like myeloid neoplasms or chronic inflammation.

• Normal tryptase levels are typically less than 11.4 ng/mL.
• Values may vary slightly depending on the laboratory standards.

• For Anaphylaxis: Blood samples should be taken 15 minutes to 3 hours after the onset of symptoms when tryptase levels peak and later tryptase test to be repeated after 48 hours to understand the baseline level.
• For Chronic Conditions: Tryptase level is tested and values are monitored to asses the progression of the disease.

• A blood sample is drawn, typically from a vein in the arm.
• The sample is analysed to measure tryptase levels.

• To confirm anaphylaxis as the cause of a severe allergic reaction.
• To diagnose or monitor mastocytosis, a rare condition involving abnormal mast cell proliferation.
• To evaluate mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS).
• To distinguish allergic reactions from other medical conditions with similar symptoms.

A tryptase level test measures the concentration of tryptase, an enzyme released by mast cells during allergic reactions or mast cell-related disorders. It helps diagnose conditions like anaphylaxis, mastocytosis, or mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS).

Yes, lifestyle changes like stress reduction, trigger avoidance, and dietary modifications can improve symptom management.

The testing process is similar, but the selection of tests and interpretation of results may be adjusted for age and medical history.

• Identified Trigger: Avoidance and targeted therapies like allergen immunotherapy or dietary changes.
• Autoimmune Causes: Immunomodulatory treatments (e.g., omalizumab, corticosteroids).
• Hereditary Angioedema: C1-INH replacement or bradykinin inhibitors.

For idiopathic cases:

• Symptom control with antihistamines or other medications.
• Periodic re-evaluation to detect any emerging patterns or triggers.

Yes, most tests are safe. However:

• Skin tests may cause mild itching or swelling.
• Severe reactions are rare and are managed with immediate medical care.

• Allergy tests: Results are usually available immediately for skin prick tests or within 1 to 2 days for blood tests.
• Complement and autoimmune tests: Typically take 1 to 2 days when conducted in Allergy Central.

Biopsies are rarely needed but may be performed for atypical cases to rule out vasculitis (e.g., urticarial vasculitis) or other skin conditions.

• History and physical examination to identify potential triggers.
• Tests for underlying causes:
  • Thyroid autoantibodies for autoimmune urticaria.
  • Infections (e.g., Helicobacter pylori or hepatitis).
  • Autoantibody tests (e.g., IgG anti-FcεRI).

• Blood tests measure C1-INH levels and its functional activity.
• C4 levels are typically low during an attack and can help diagnose HAE.

• Allergic Urticaria: Triggered by allergens, mediated by IgE antibodies.
• Non-Allergic Urticaria: Caused by physical triggers, autoimmune processes, or idiopathic factors; IgE is not involved.

Allergy Testing (Needed only if allergen trigger is suspected)

• Skin Prick Test: To identify allergens like foods, pollens, or insect venom.
• Blood Test: Measures allergen-specific IgE levels.

Blood Work

• Complete Blood Count (CBC): To check for signs of infection or inflammation.
• Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) or C-Reactive Protein (CRP): To assess for systemic inflammation.

Autoimmune Testing

• Antinuclear Antibody (ANA): To detect autoimmune disorders.
• Thyroid Function Tests (T3, T4, TSH): Thyroid autoantibodies (anti-TPO, anti-thyroglobulin) may be checked, as thyroid conditions are linked to chronic urticaria.

Complement Levels

• C3, C4, and C1 Esterase Inhibitor (C1-INH): To evaluate hereditary or acquired angioedema.

Physical Trigger Tests

• Cold Stimulation Test: For cold urticaria.
• Pressure Test: For delayed pressure urticaria.
• Exercise or Heat Exposure: For exercise-induced or cholinergic urticaria.

Testing helps identify underlying causes, especially when symptoms are recurrent or severe. It guides appropriate treatment and management.

• Acute Causes (lasting <6 weeks): Allergies to foods, medications, insect stings, or infections.
• Chronic Causes (lasting >6 weeks): Autoimmune reactions, chronic infections, or unknown triggers.

Other Causes: Physical triggers like pressure, cold, heat, sunlight, or exercise.

• Urticaria (hives): Raised, itchy, red or skin-coloured rashes that appear and disappear within hours to days.
• Angioedema: Swelling beneath the skin, often affecting areas like the eyelids, lips, hands, feet, or genitals. It may occur with or without urticaria.

Yes, oral challenges can vary based on the purpose:

• Open Challenge: Both the patient and doctor know the allergen being tested.
• Single-Blind Challenge: The patient is unaware of the allergen being tested.
• Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Challenge (DBPCFC): Neither the patient nor the doctor knows the allergen, considered the gold standard for diagnosing food allergies.

Yes, oral food challenges are commonly performed in children, especially to monitor food allergy resolution (e.g., milk, egg, or peanut allergies).

• For a negative test: The allergen may be reintroduced into the patient’s diet or medication regimen.
• For a positive test: An allergy action plan is developed, including avoidance strategies and emergency treatment guidelines.

Alternatives include:

• Skin prick tests or intradermal testing for medications.
• Serum-specific IgE testing for food allergies.
  However, these tests may not always provide definitive results, necessitating an oral challenge.

• A negative result indicates that the patient can safely consume the food or take the drug without concern.
• A positive result confirms an allergy and guides future management, such as avoidance or desensitization protocols.

• Medical staff will immediately intervene with appropriate treatment, such as antihistamines, corticosteroids, or epinephrine.
• The test will be stopped, and the reaction will be documented to confirm the allergy.

• Avoid antihistamines or medications as instructed (usually 7 days before the test).
• Bring any prescribed emergency medications (e.g., auto-injectable epinephrine).
• Eat a light meal beforehand unless instructed otherwise.
• Wear loose, comfortable clothing for easy access to vital sign monitoring.

The procedure typically lasts 2–6 hours, depending on the allergen and the protocol.

• Patients with uncontrolled asthma or other serious underlying health conditions.
• Individuals with a recent history of severe allergic reactions.
• Pregnant women.

When performed in a controlled medical setting with trained professionals, the test is considered safe. Emergency medications, including epinephrine, are readily available to manage severe reactions.

• Mild Reactions: Hives, itching, or mild swelling.
• Severe Reactions: Anaphylaxis, which is rare but requires immediate medical intervention.
• Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Vomiting, diarrhoea, or abdominal pain.

• Negative Test: No allergic reaction occurs, indicating tolerance to the food/drug.
• Positive Test: Symptoms of an allergic reaction appear, confirming the allergy.

1. Preparation: The patient avoids the suspected allergen and refrains from antihistamines or medications that could suppress symptoms.
2. Baseline Assessment: Vital signs (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure) and clinical stability are checked before starting.
3. Dosing:
   • The allergen is given in small, increasing amounts over a set period (e.g., every 15–30 minutes).
   • Dosages are pre-calculated based on age, weight, and allergen type.
4. Monitoring: The patient is observed for signs of an allergic reaction, such as skin rash, swelling, breathing difficulties, or gastrointestinal symptoms.
5. Post-Test Observation: After the final dose, the patient is monitored for 1–2 hours for delayed reactions.

• To confirm an allergy when test results (e.g., skin prick, blood tests) are inconclusive.
• To determine if an existing allergy has been outgrown (e.g., in children with milk or egg allergies).
• To assess tolerance to a suspected allergen.
• To rule out an allergy after a reaction that might have other causes (e.g., viral illness, cross-reactivity).

An oral food or drug challenge test is a medical procedure done under supervision to check if someone is allergic to a specific food or medication. The patient is given small, increasing amounts of the suspected allergen while being closely monitored in a safe environment where any allergic reactions can be quickly treated.

Patients should:

• Adhere to allergen avoidance strategies provided by the doctor.
• Monitor for changes or recurrence of symptoms.
• Report persistent or unexpected reactions at the test site.

• Active dermatitis on the test site.
• Recent use of systemic corticosteroids or immunosuppressants, which may suppress reactions. 
• Pregnancy, as a precaution in some cases.

The test takes 48–96 hours to complete:

• Day 1: Patches applied.
• Day 3 (48 hours): First reading and removal of patches.
• Day 4 or 5 (72–96 hours): Second or third reading for delayed reactions only if needed.

The patch test is highly reliable for diagnosing contact dermatitis, but it:

• Cannot identify immediate allergic reactions (Type I hypersensitivity).
• May need to be complemented with a clinical history or additional tests for accurate diagnosis.

If a positive reaction is identified:

• The allergen is documented, and avoidance measures are discussed.
• Alternative products or materials are recommended.
• A detailed management plan may be provided, including symptom control for active dermatitis.

• Bathing: Avoid wetting the patches.
• Physical Activity: Avoid heavy sweating or movements that may dislodge the patches.
• Scratching: Refrain from scratching the test area.

Yes, patch tests can be safely performed on children, though the allergen concentration or selection may differ to minimize irritation.

Patch tests use standardized panels, such as:

• Indian Standard series: Common allergens like nickel sulphate, fragrance mix, formaldehyde, and cobalt chloride.
• Cosmetic Series: Include components used in the cosmetics like Cetyl alcohol, Rose Oil.
• Custom Panels: Specific substances based on the patient's exposure.

• Mild irritation or itching at the test site.
• Rarely, severe reactions (e.g., large blisters) may occur.
• Occasionally, long-lasting pigmentation changes or persistent dermatitis may develop at the test site.

• Negative: No reaction to the allergen.
• Weak Positive (+): Mild redness or swelling without vesicles.
• Strong Positive (++): Clear redness, swelling, and small blisters.
• Extreme Positive (+++): Severe redness, blistering, or ulceration.

• Avoid applying creams, ointments, or lotions to the test area for at least 48 hours before the test.
• Stop using corticosteroids on the back for at least 1 week (or as advised by your doctor).
• Avoid sunburns or tanning that might interfere with results.
• Inform the doctor about any medications or supplements being taken.

• Persistent or recurrent rashes.
• Dermatitis suspected to be caused by specific allergens (e.g., occupational exposure).
• Eczema with unclear triggers.
• Skin reactions to topical products like cosmetics, Hair dyes, or medications.

1. Preparation: The patient's back is cleaned, and small chambers containing allergens are applied using hypoallergenic adhesive tape.
2. Application: The patches remain on the skin for 48 hours, avoiding activities like sweating, showering, or vigorous movements.
3. Reading: The first reading is done at 48 hours when the patches are removed. A second or third reading is done at 72–96 hours if necessary to check for delayed reactions.

Patch tests are used to identify contact allergies, including:

• Metals: Nickel, cobalt, chromium.
• Chemicals: Fragrances, preservatives, rubber compounds.
• Medications: Topical antibiotics (e.g., neomycin), anaesthetics.
• Other Substances: Dyes, adhesives, cosmetics, and hair colouring products.

A patch test is a diagnostic procedure used to identify allergens causing delayed-type hypersensitivity (Type IV allergies). It involves applying small amounts of suspected allergens to the skin to observe reactions over 48–96 hours.

• Standard IgE Tests: Detect IgE for whole allergens.
• CRD Panels: Identify specific allergenic components within those allergens, offering greater precision and insights.

• Patients with complex or unclear allergy profiles.
• Individuals with suspected cross-reactivity (e.g., oral allergy syndrome).
• Those requiring detailed risk stratification for severe allergies.

Yes, they provide critical information for:

• Deciding on allergen avoidance or inclusion in the diet.
• Identifying candidates for allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT).
• Monitoring allergy progression or resolution over time.

Results are typically available within 1 to 2 working days, when test conducted in Allergy Central.

• Non-IgE Allergies: CRD cannot detect non-IgE-mediated allergies (e.g., food intolerances).
• False Positives: Sensitization (IgE presence) does not always translate to clinical allergy.
• Cost: CRD panels may be more expensive than traditional tests.

Yes, CRD panels are blood tests and do not involve direct exposure to allergens, making them safe for all ages and high-risk patients.

CRD panels can identify specific allergenic proteins in:

• Foods: Milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, fruits, and vegetables.
• Pollens: Grass, tree, and weed pollens.
• Animal Dander: Cats, dogs, and horses.
• Insect Venoms: Bees and wasps.
• Other: Latex and molds.

• When clinical history suggests complex allergies or cross-reactivity.
• To determine the risk of severe reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis).
• For patients with multiple allergies or unclear triggers.

• Risk Stratification: Identifies components linked to severe reactions.
• Cross-Reactivity Insights: Clarifies if symptoms are due to true allergies or cross-reactive proteins.
• Personalized Management: Guides tailored treatment plans, such as dietary advice or immunotherapy.
• Avoids Overdiagnosis: Reduces unnecessary dietary or environmental restrictions.
• Avoiding Oral food challenge: Conducting CRD may reduce the need to do oral food challenge.

• Positive Result: IgE is detected for specific components, indicating sensitization.
• Severity Indicators: Certain components (e.g., Ara h 2 in peanuts) are linked to severe reactions, while others (e.g., Ara h 8) suggest mild or localized symptoms.

1. A blood sample is collected.
2. The serum is analysed for IgE antibodies against specific allergenic proteins.
3. Results show which components are triggering sensitization and the IgE levels for each.

CRD panels are divided into categories based on allergen sources:

Food Allergy Panels

• Nut Panel: Tests for allergenic components like Ara h 2 (peanuts), Cor a 9 (hazelnut).
• Dairy & Egg Panel: Includes Bos d 8 (milk casein) and Gal d 1 (egg ovalbumin).
• Shellfish Panel: Includes Pen m 1 (shrimp tropomyosin).

Environmental Panels

• Pollen Panel: Includes cyn d 1 (Burmuda grass), Bet v 1 (birch pollen) Art v 1 (Mugwort).
• Animal Dander Panel: Includes Fel d 1 (cat), Can f 5 (dog).

Insect Venom Panel

• Tests for Api m 1 (bee venom) and Ves v 5 (wasp venom).

Cross-Reactivity Panel

• Includes profilins (e.g., Phl p 12) and lipid transfer proteins (e.g., Pru p 3 for peach).

• Precision: CRD tests identify specific allergenic components rather than just the whole allergen.
• Risk Assessment: Some components are associated with severe reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis), while others indicate mild or localized symptoms.
• Cross-Reactivity: CRD helps differentiate true allergies from cross-reactive sensitizations due to structurally similar proteins.

Component-Resolved Diagnostics (CRD) individual panels are tailored allergy tests that measure IgE antibodies against specific allergenic proteins (components) within a particular allergen group (e.g., Dust mites, foods, pollens, animal dander). These panels provide detailed insights into the type and severity of sensitization.

• Patients with unclear or complex allergy profiles.
• Individuals experiencing multiple or cross-reactive allergies.
• Those requiring detailed risk assessment for immunotherapy or dietary decisions.
• Situations where decision for Allergen immunotherapy is complex.

CRD helps identify components linked to severe reactions, providing a better risk assessment than traditional tests. However, clinical history and CRD test need to correlated to give final interpretation.

• To assess changes in sensitization over time.
• When symptoms evolve or new allergies are suspected.

Results are typically available within 1–3 working days, when conducted in Allergy Central.

Yes, CRD is a blood-based test and does not involve direct exposure to allergens, making it safe for all age groups and high-risk patients.

• False Positives: Sensitization does not always mean clinical allergy.
• Cost: CRD is little more expensive than traditional allergy tests.
• Complexity: Requires expertise for interpretation, especially in cases of cross-reactivity.
• Non-IgE Allergies: Cannot detect non-IgE-mediated allergic responses.

• Specific Proteins: Results indicate IgE reactivity to specific components (e.g., Ara h 2 for peanuts or Bos d 8 for Milk, Der p 1 for Dust mites).
• Severity Insight: Certain components are associated with more severe reactions, while others indicate mild or cross-reactive allergies.

1. A blood sample is drawn.
2. The sample is tested for IgE antibodies to specific allergenic proteins.
3. Results provide a detailed profile of the patient's allergen sensitivities.

CRD covers a wide range of allergens, including:

• Food Allergens: Peanuts, milk, eggs, shellfish, nuts, fruits, vegetables others.
• Environmental Allergens: Pollen (grass, tree, weed), dust mites, Mold, animal dander.
• Insect Venoms: Bee and wasp venom components.
• Latex Allergens: Hev b proteins.

• Personalized Diagnosis: Tailors allergy management to the individual.
• Risk Stratification: Helps predict the likelihood of severe reactions.
• Improved Management: Guides decisions about immunotherapy or dietary avoidance.
• Reduces Unnecessary Restrictions: Clarifies whether certain foods or substances can be safely consumed.
• Immunotherapy: Guides on decision making in Allergen Immunotherapy.

CRD is used in the following scenarios:

• Risk Assessment: To differentiate between mild, localized allergies and severe systemic reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis).
• Cross-Reactivity: To identify if symptoms are due to true allergies or cross-reactivity (e.g., birch-pollen syndrome).
• Complex Cases: For patients with multiple allergies or inconclusive results from traditional testing.
• Food Allergies: To distinguish between primary food allergies and those due to cross-reactive pollens.

• Traditional Testing: Identifies sensitization to whole allergens (e.g., peanut, pollen).
• CRD: Pinpoints specific allergenic components (e.g., Ara h proteins in peanuts). This distinction helps determine the severity and type of allergic reaction.

• A blood sample is analysed to measure Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies against specific allergenic protein components.
• CRD uses advanced technology to detect these specific IgE levels to specific proteins.

Component-Resolved Diagnostics (CRD) is an advanced allergy testing method that identifies specific proteins (components) within an allergen that trigger allergic reactions. It provides detailed information about the molecular basis of a patient’s allergy.

• To track allergy progression or resolution.
• For new symptoms suggesting additional allergies

Yes, the ImmunoBlot method is safe and effective for diagnosing allergies in children.

• False Positives: Sensitization does not always equal an active allergy.
• Non-IgE Allergies: It cannot detect non-IgE-mediated allergic responses (e.g., intolerances).
• Confirmation Needed: May require additional tests, like oral challenges, for conclusive diagnosis.

• No special preparation is needed.
• Antihistamines or other allergy medications do not interfere with the test.

The ImmunoBlot method indicates sensitization but does not predict the clinical severity of allergic reactions. Clinical correlation with the patient’s symptoms is crucial. Clinical correlation is always done by the doctor with discussion with the patients symptoms..

• The blood draw is quick (5–10 minutes).
• Results are usually available within 2 working days, when conducted in Allergy Central.

The procedure involves drawing blood, which may cause minor discomfort but poses no significant risks.

• Results are displayed as bands on a membrane or strip.
• The intensity of each band corresponds to the level of IgE specific to the allergen.
• A stronger band typically indicates higher sensitization.

• Environmental: Pollen (grass, tree, weed), Mold, dust mites, animal dander.
• Food: Peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, milk, eggs, wheat, soy, others 
• Other Allergens: Latex, insect venom, occupational allergens.

• ImmunoBlot: Displays allergen bands visually, which helps confirm specific IgE presence.
• ImmunoCAP: Quantifies IgE levels for specific allergens in numerical values.
• Application: ImmunoBlot is more qualitative and often used for detailed allergen profiling, while ImmunoCAP is better for monitoring IgE levels over time.

• Comprehensive: Can test for numerous allergens (e.g., foods, environmental factors) in a single panel.
• High Specificity: Reduces the likelihood of false positives.
• Non-Invasive: Requires only a blood sample, avoiding direct allergen exposure.
• Safe for All Ages: Suitable for children and individuals with severe allergies.

• Complex Allergies: When multiple allergens need to be screened simultaneously.
• Unknown Trigger: Patients with allergy symptoms but unclear triggers.
• Skin Testing Not Possible: For patients who cannot undergo skin tests due to medications, skin conditions, or severe allergic reactions.

1. A patient’s blood sample is collected to extract serum.
2. The serum is incubated with a membrane or strip containing allergen proteins.
3. If allergen-specific IgE is present, it binds to the allergens on the strip.
4. A detection system (e.g., enzyme-linked or chemiluminescent reagents) reveals the allergen-antibody complexes as visible bands.

The ImmunoBlot method is a laboratory technique used to detect allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in a patient's blood. It identifies multiple allergens at once by visualizing IgE binding to allergens separated on a membrane.

• False positives can occur, as sensitization (IgE presence) doesn’t always mean clinical allergy.
• It may not detect non-IgE mediated allergies or intolerances.
• Additional tests (e.g., oral food challenges) may be required for a definitive diagnosis.

While the test indicates sensitization levels (IgE concentration), it does not directly predict the severity of allergic reactions. Clinical correlation is essential. Clinical correlation is always done by the Allergy specialist in discussion with the patients.

Results are typically available within a 1 to 2 working days, when test done in Allergy Central.

• No special preparation is required.
• Patients can continue taking antihistamines or other allergy medications.

The test requires a blood sample, which may cause minor discomfort, but it is otherwise safe.

• Environmental: Pollen (grass, tree, weed), Mold, dust mites, animal dander.
• Food: Peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, milk, eggs, wheat, soy, others.
• Occupational: Latex, chemicals, and other workplace allergens.
• Insect allergy: Honey bee, Wasp, Fire ant.
• Drug: Certain medications.

• Unlike skin prick tests, ImmunoCAP directly measures IgE in the blood.
• It is not influenced by skin conditions or medications.
• It provides quantitative data, allowing for monitoring of IgE levels over time.

The ImmunoCAP method is highly accurate and widely regarded as the good test for allergen-specific IgE testing among the blood based testing for Allergies. It has strong clinical validation and reproducibility.

• Results are reported as IgE levels in kilounits per liter (kU/L), ranging from undetectable to very high.
• Levels are categorized into classes (0–6), with higher classes indicating stronger sensitization.
• Allergy test results need to be discussed with your doctor for proper interpretation and further management.

• Suspected food allergies or environmental allergies.
• Patients unable to stop antihistamines for skin testing.
• Individuals with extensive skin conditions (e.g., eczema).
• Cases where skin prick testing is inconclusive or unsafe.

• High Sensitivity and Specificity: Reliable results for allergen-specific IgE levels.
• Quantitative: Provides precise levels of Specific IgE, aiding in understanding the severity of sensitivity.
• Wide Range: Tests for over 500 allergens, including foods, environmental allergens, and occupational allergens.
• No Antihistamine Interference: Unlike skin tests, medications do not affect the results.
• Safe for All Ages: Suitable for infants, children, and individuals with severe allergies.

• A small blood sample is drawn from the patient.
• The sample is exposed to specific allergens bound to a solid phase (e.g., a cellulose sponge or polymer).
• Allergen-specific IgE antibodies in the sample bind to these allergens.
• A detection system quantifies the amount of Specfic IgE, indicating the patient's sensitivity to specific allergens.

The ImmunoCAP method is a blood test used to measure allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. It helps identify allergies to various substances, such as Dust mites, Grass pollen, Tree pollens, Weed Pollens, Cockroach, Dog, Cat, foods, Insects and more.

• Monitor for delayed reactions at the test site for a few hours.
• Contact the doctor if systemic symptoms occur (e.g., difficulty breathing, widespread rash).
• Follow the allergist's recommendations for further management

The test is highly sensitive but may occasionally result in false positives, requiring interpretation alongside clinical history and other tests.

• Skin Prick Test: Sensitive, often used as a first step.
• Blood Tests: Measures allergen-specific IgE levels. Useful when skin tests are contraindicated.

• A positive result confirms sensitization to the tested allergen.
• The doctor will recommend an allergy management plan, including avoidance strategies or desensitization protocols (e.g., immunotherapy).

Yes, the test is safe for children when performed under the supervision of trained healthcare professionals.

Patients may feel a mild sting or pinch during the injection, but the discomfort is brief.

The test typically takes about 45 minutes, including observation and result interpretation.

• Avoid antihistamines or other medications that may suppress allergic reactions for 7 days before the test.
• Inform the doctor of any current medications, recent allergic reactions, or medical conditions.

• Skin Prick Test: Allergen is placed on the skin’s surface and pricked; sensitive, safe, primarily for common allergens.
• Intradermal Test: Allergen is injected under the skin; highly sensitive and used for specific allergens like drugs or venoms.

• Patients with a history of severe anaphylaxis.
• Individuals taking medications that might suppress or alter test results (e.g., antihistamines, corticosteroids).
• Pregnant women.

• Local Reactions: Redness, itching, or swelling at the injection site.
• Systemic Reactions: Rarely, more severe allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, may occur, necessitating emergency care.

• Positive Reaction: A wheal (raised bump) and surrounding flare (redness) at the injection site indicate sensitization to the allergen.
• Negative Reaction: No significant change at the injection site suggests no allergy to the tested allergen.

1. Preparation: The test area (usually the forearm or upper arm) is cleaned.
2. Injection: A tiny needle injects a small amount of allergen into the skin.

Observation: After 15–30 minutes, the reaction is measured.

• When a skin prick test is negative but clinical suspicion of an allergy remains high.
• To test for allergens requiring higher sensitivity, such as insect venoms or certain drugs.
• When detailed, precise results are necessary for allergy diagnosis.

• Medications: Antibiotics (e.g., penicillin), anaesthetics, and other drugs.

Insect Venom: Bee, wasp, or other stinging insects.

The test involves:

1. Injection: A small amount of allergen solution is injected into the dermis layer of the skin.
2. Monitoring: The injection site is observed for 15–30 minutes for any localized reaction (e.g., swelling, redness).
3. Interpretation: The size of the raised bump (wheal) and redness (flare) are measured to determine the presence of an allergy.

An intradermal allergy test is a diagnostic procedure used to identify allergies by injecting a small amount of an allergen just under the skin’s surface. It is typically used when a skin prick test yields inconclusive results or to test for specific allergens like insect venom or medications.

The doctor reviews the results and discusses the test report with you and later educate about allergen avoidance, medications, or further testing like oral food challenges

Yes, the Prick-Prick Allergy Test is safe and often used in paediatric patients for fresh food allergy testing.

The entire process, including preparation and observation, takes about 30–40 minutes, after the test it may take 20 min for explaining the test results, advising avoidance and management.

• Stop antihistamines 7 days before testing.
• Avoid creams or lotions on the test area.
• Inform the doctor about all medications and allergies.

• Patients with severe, life-threatening food allergies (risk of systemic reaction).
• Patients unable to stop antihistamines or other interfering medications.
• Individuals with active skin conditions (e.g., eczema) at the test site.

• Minor: Temporary itching, redness, or swelling at the test site.
• Very Rare: Systemic allergic reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis), which should be managed promptly in the Clinic setting.

• Fresh fruits (e.g., apples, peaches, bananas)
• Vegetables (e.g., celery, carrots)
• Tree nuts and peanuts
• Lentils
• Shellfish or other raw items
• Any food can be tested for Prick-Prick Allergy Test.

Prick-Prick Test is reliable for detecting fresh food, vegetable allergies but must be interpreted alongside clinical history. False positives or negatives can occur, so additional testing may be needed.

A raised bump (wheal) with surrounding redness (flare) indicates sensitivity to the tested food. The size of the reaction helps determine the degree of sensitivity.

The pricking sensation is mild and similar to a Skin Prick Allergy Test, causing minimal discomfort.

1. A sterile lancet is inserted into the fresh food (e.g., Apple, Brinjal).
2. The same lancet is used to lightly prick the patient’s skin.
3. Observe the test site after 15–20 minutes for signs of a reaction, such as redness or swelling.

• Suspected food allergies, especially to fruits, vegetables, or fresh food items.
• Patients with symptoms of oral allergy syndrome (OAS).
• Allergies to foods not well-represented in commercial allergen extracts.

Skin Prick Allergy Test uses commercial allergen extracts, while Prick-Prick Test uses fresh foods or substances to assess allergenicity.

• Prick-Prick Test is particularly useful for foods that degrade quickly (e.g., fruits or vegetables) or Food allergens that are unavailable as standardized extracts.

The Prick-Prick Test is a specialized allergy test used primarily for detecting food allergies. It involves pricking a fresh food item with a lancet and then using the same lancet to prick the patient’s skin.

Saline is used as a negative control, this will tell the baseline reactivity of the patients skin and Histamine is used as positive control, this will tell if there is any interference of the test by medications.

Reports are available immediately after the skin prick allergy test

Contact Allergy Central. Website: https://www.allergycentral.in/; Call: +91- 9035275945 for appointments.

Yes, Skin Prick Allergy Tests are safe for children and are commonly used to diagnose environmental and food allergies in paediatric patients.

The Skin Prick Allergy Test is highly effective in identifying environmental and some food allergies, especially when the results are matched with the patient's symptoms. However, it may not detect all types of allergies, such as delayed food reactions.

The entire process, including preparation and observation, usually takes about 30–40 minutes. Post test you may need another 30 min for discussing the report, education and managing your allergies.

• People with severe skin conditions (e.g., eczema over test areas).
• Individuals with a history of severe allergic reactions.
• Patients who cannot stop antihistamines or certain medications.

Your doctor will review the results between 15 to 20 minutes and may ask few more questions based on positive results and educate you about allergen avoidance and treat you with allergy medications and may suggest allergen immunotherapy (allergy shots).

Common allergens tested include:

• Environmental: Dust mites, Pollen (grass, tree, weed), Mold, Cockroach, Pet dander.
• Foods: Milk, egg, peanuts, shellfish, wheat, soy, tree nuts, or any suspected food allergens.
• Other: Insect venom, latex, or certain medications.

Skin Prick Allergy Tests are very safe and are always done under a doctor’s supervision.

• Rare reactions: You may experience mild itching, redness, or swelling at the test site, which goes away quickly.
• Very Rare reactions: Serious allergic reactions, like difficulty breathing, are extremely rare and can be treated immediately by the doctor if they happen.

You’re in safe hands during the test, and your doctor will ensure everything is well managed.

• Avoid medications: Stop taking antihistamines, certain antidepressants, or other medications that may interfere with results at least 7 days before the test.
• Inform Your Doctor: Provide a list of all medications you are taking, including allopathic, Ayurvedic, homeopathic treatments, supplements, and details of any medical conditions.
• Wear comfortable clothing: Ensure easy access to the area being tested.

A positive result appears as a small raised bump (wheal) surrounded by redness (flare) at the test site. The size of the wheal helps determine the sensitivity to the allergen. If the swelling is 3mm more than the saline control then the test is positive.

The test involves mild pricking of the skin but is generally well-tolerated, even by children. Discomfort is minimal.

• Preparation: The skin (usually forearm or back) is cleaned and marked.
• Application: Drops of allergen solutions are placed on the skin, and a tiny lancet gently pricks the skin through each drop.
• Observation: After 15–20 minutes, the sites are examined for signs of a reaction, such as redness or swelling.

A Skin Prick Allergy Test is recommended for individuals with symptoms suggestive of allergies, such as:

• Persistent nasal congestion or sneezing (Allergic Rhinitis, Allergic sinusitis)
• Unexplained skin rashes or hives (Atopic dermatitis, Allergen triggered Hives)
• Asthma or wheezing triggered by allergens (Allergic Asthma)
• Suspected food allergies (Food Allergies)
• Suspected Drug Allergies (Drug Allergies)
• Reactions to insect stings or bites (Insect Allergies)
• Anaphylaxis (Food, Drug or Insect allergies)

A Skin Prick Test (SKIN PRICK ALLERGY TEST) is a quick and simple test to identify allergens that may trigger allergic reactions. During the test, a small drop of the suspected allergen is placed on your skin, and a tiny, painless prick is made. The area is then observed for about 15 minutes to see if there is a reaction, which helps determine if the result is positive or negative.

Yes, Doctors from Allergy Central create plenty of Allergy Education content for patient education, please go to www.allergycentral.in website and watch the education videos

Yes, Allergy Central offers Online Consultation from Qualified Allergy Doctors.

Skin prick test, Intradermal test, Blood test (Specific IgE), Component Resolved Diagnostics (CRD), Total IgE, Doctor-supervised challenge tests, Allergen Patch test, Spirometry (Lung Function Test), Exhaled nitric oxide test, FOT – Forced Oscillation Technique, Rhinoscopy

Allergy Central offers services like 

1. Allergy Consultation from a Qualified Allergy Specialist.
2. All Allergy Diagnostics like Skin Prick Test, Serum Specific IgE, Patch Tests, Spirometry, FOT, Nasal Endoscopy etc
3. Allergy Treatments like Pharmacotherapy, Allergen Avoidance, Allergen Immunotherapy etc

Allergy Central services are based on modern scientific allopathic Medicine.

Yes, it is always better to book an Appointment before coming to Allergy Central to avoid unnecessary waiting, however if you don’t have appointment we will still accommodate you.

No, Allergy Central is not open on Sundays.

The Working hours of Allergy Central are from 9.30 AM to 7:00 PM from Monday to Saturday

Clinic is located in Indiranagar and very close to Indiranagar Metro station, Allergy central is just 2minutes walkable distance from Indiranagar Metro station

Please find the complete address-
Allergy Central, 237, 7th Cross Rd, Landmark: next to Toys N Toys Baby Shop, opp. to City Union Bank, Binnamangala. Stage 1, Indiranagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560038

You can contact Allergy Central by several methods

Call - 90352 75945, 80507 81899

You can book Appointment in Allergy Central by Several Methods 

• Send Hi Message to 8050781899 and you will receive link to the Allergy central website – www.allergycentral.in you can go to the website and book appointment
• Call 90352 75945 or 8050781899
• You can directly login www.allergycentral.in and book appointment

Allergy Central was established in March 2023 by Dr Jagdish Chinnappa – Consultant Paediatrician and Dr Balachandra – Consultant Allergy Asthma Specialist 

NO, Allergy Central does not have any branches as of December 2024, but we plan to start several branches across India shortly.

No, as of December 2024, we don’t have any branches in Bangalore apart from Indiranagar